Greg Olsen
Revelation is structured as a series of letters at the beginning and a series of visions for the rest of the book. There are 4 main visions with sets of 7 objects that God used to bring justice to the world and bring his children to himself in Heaven. In the first main vision, Jesus broke open 7 seals on a scroll and read a report on the state of the world, a plea for justice from martyrs, and an assurance from God that he would protect his children. The next set of seven objects were 7 trumpets to reveal how fed up with the world's actions God had become and to warn them to "let his people go." The third vision used 7 plagues to show that God was still in control of the world's events. Finally, 7 bowls filled with anger were dumped on the world to show that God's visit would close down those who set themselves up against his children. Other visions existed to serve as a setup and conclusion for the four sets of 7 and create a storyline for the 4 sets to elaborate on. But, the main visions are found in the four sets seven objects.
Each set of 7 develops further a revelation to people reading the book that God sees what is happening to his people and is working on their behalf. The second in the sets of 7 is found in Revelation 8.2-11.19. In this part God builds on what he started with the first set of 7. In that part, each seal depicted a condition of the world or the status of his people, so in a transitional vision between seals 6 and 7, God let his people know that he would bring an end to the injustices they were experiencing at the hands of the Romans and their provincial governors by giving them white robes and his personal seal. The next main vision uses 7 trumpets to warn people of God's awesome and supernatural power and to announce to the them that because of the scenes portrayed in the first 4 seals, he is fed up with their horrific behavior.
In order for people to see this awesome and supernatural power of God, though, John takes everyone on a short trek through Old Testament imagery found in Exodus and various prophets. Exodus 30.1-10 was the starting place, the golden altar of God. It was the place for sweet smelling incense and only incense to be burned because it was the place God would meet with Moses. So, as this second set of visions opens, and after the 7 angels that stand before God's throne received trumpets, then God wanted to meet his people at his golden altar.
Revelation 8
Verse 2
Καὶ εἶδον τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλους οἳ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἑστήκασιν, καὶ ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες
(I saw seven angels who had been standing before God and had been given seven trumpets.)
Verse 3
Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἦλθεν καὶ ἐστάθη ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ἔχων λιβανωτὸν χρυσοῦν, καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ θυμιάματα πολλά, ἵνα δώσει ταῖς προσευχαῖς τῶν ἁγίων πάντων ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν τὸ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου
(Another angel carrying an incense holder made of gold came forward and stood by the altar. He was given a lot of incense so that he could offer it on the golden altar in front of the throne along with the prayers of all the ones God had set apart.)
But going to the altar of God to meet with him was not always a pleasant experience as time wore on for the Jews. The farther from Moses a person traveled on the timeline toward Jesus, the worse the experience was at the altar of God. About 500 years after Moses, the entire book of Amos contained oracles of God chastising both his own people and people of other nations for terrible behavior against him. Israel in particular takes the brunt of God's anger. By the time the next-to-last oracle of the book was given, God decided to stand at his altar, his place for meeting people, and tell Amos to smash the temple columns to express how he felt toward Israel.
Amos 9
Verse 1
רָאִ֨יתִי אֶת־אֲדֹנָ֜י נִצָּ֣ב עַֽל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֗חַ וַיֹּאמֶר֩ הַ֨ךְ הַכַּפְתֹּ֜ור וְיִרְעֲשׁ֣וּ הַסִּפִּ֗ים וּבְצַ֨עַם֙ בְּרֹ֣אשׁכֻּלָּ֔ם וְאַחֲרִיתָ֖ם בַּחֶ֣רֶב אֶהֱרֹ֑ג לֹֽא־יָנ֤וּס לָהֶם֙ נָ֔ס וְלֹֽא־יִמָּלֵ֥ט לָהֶ֖ם פָּלִֽיט׃
(I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, saying, "Strike the lintels of the temple columns so that they crumble and fall on the heads, wounding many of them. I will kill the rest of them with the sword. None of them will get away by trying to escape.")
About 50 years after Amos, Isaiah experienced God's glory filling the temple and saw angels around him. Isaiah confessed he was unclean, so one of the angels brought a coal from the altar and touched Isaiah's lips in an atonement ceremony. Then God told Isaiah to tell the people they would see and hear but have no understanding of events that were happening around them, and impending doom was at hand.
Isaiah 6
Verse 11
וָאֹמַ֕ר עַד־מָתַ֖י אֲדֹנָ֑י וַיֹּ֡אמֶר עַ֣ד אֲשֶׁר֩ אִם־שָׁא֨וּ עָרִ֜ים מֵאֵ֣ין יֹושֵׁ֗ב וּבָתִּים֙ מֵאֵ֣ין אָדָ֔םוְהָאֲדָמָ֖ה תִּשָּׁאֶ֥ה שְׁמָמָֽה׃
(Then I said, "Until when Lord?"
And he answered, "Until after the cities and houses people are now living in are empty and sitting in ruins. Until both the people and their land are totally desolate.")
Verse 12
וְרִחַ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָאָדָ֑ם וְרַבָּ֥ה הָעֲזוּבָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ׃
(Yahweh will remove many of the people to places far away, forsaking the whole region.)
So, when John says he saw an angel at the altar of God, people knew the message would not be good. Its symbolism matched giving the 7 trumpets to the angels because trumpets had been used for announcing important messages for hundreds of years. The altar of God had also been used to call someone as a messenger to warn pagan nations and God's people alike for ungodly behavior.
Since the main purpose of the altar was to offer incense as atonement for God's people, the angel at the altar did so. He filled his incense holder with incense and offered its sweet fragrance to God as the prayer from his people for deliverance from their evil and as a plea to be rescued from those evils suffered at the hands of the Romans, including the suffering of martyrdom for the sake of Jesus, as was presented in Chapter 6 of Revelation in the fifth seal.
The dots are easy to connect here. God gets the report of the martyrs in Chapter 6. He marks them for life in Heaven in Chapter 7. Then, in Chapter 8, an angel appears at the altar to offer a prayer of atonement and express God's disdain for the ill treatment of his people by the nations they live in, especially Rome. In order to foreshadow what the trumpets would be announcing as they were blown, the angel at the altar does something in addition to offering prayers for atonement.
Revelation 8
Verse 4
καὶ ἀνέβη ὁ καπνὸς τῶν θυμιαμάτων ταῖς προσευχαῖς τῶν ἁγίων ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ
(The incense smoke rose to God from the hand of the angel along with the prayers of those God had set apart)
Verse 5
καὶ εἴληφεν ὁ ἄγγελος τὸν λιβανωτὸν καὶ ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐγένοντο βρονταὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ καὶ σεισμός
(Then the angel took the incense holder, filled it with smoke and coals from the altar fire, and threw the mixture on the Earth. Thunder rumbled, lightning flashed, voices echoed, and the ground shook.)
The angel threw a censer-full of incense and prayers on the Earth. The act illustrates John's purpose for writing Revelation. Given the nature of the letters and the first set of 7 objects (seals), it would seem evident that the Christians felt very oppressed. Antipas is specifically mentioned as a martyr in Pergamum (Revelation 2.13), apparently as a result of Jewish persecution. But even if not, the Jews had worked against or at least verbally attacked the Christians in Smyrna and Philadephia (Revelation 2.9, 3.9). The fifth seal reported in Chapter 6 depicts souls under an altar who cried out to God for their suffering. Together, the seals made a plea to God for help and reassurance. The sixth seal portrays a scene that suggests that God is seeing that a Day of Wrath is necessary to cleanse the evil from the Roman empire in Asia Minor, the place where John was living. Then there was reverent silence in Heaven.
John was called to send a message to the world that God would act against those who had devastated his people. They would face a Day of the Lord, a day of reckoning. The angel threw incense and prayers on the Earth. Sky and Earth shook in the aftermath. God was about to vent his anger. He would restore his people, come among them, and give them the assurance they needed that they belonged to him. This idea operated in the background as each trumpet was blown. God had heard the report of the seals. The angel throwing the incense and prayers signaled to all who would hear that God was about to deal with those causing his people great suffering for their belief in him and his son.
The scene seemed familiar to many of John's readers. It reminded them of events they had read about in the Old Testament, beginning with the original announcement of God's covenant to Israel. Moses had gathered Israel together to witness this event at the bottom of a mountain. When he left to meet God, the people saw that he was amidst dark clouds of smoke, lightning, and thunder (Exodus 19.16-19).
John also had in mind showing a number of other occasions where God had made announcements to people. The whole of Ezekiel 30 describes God's actions against Egypt. Verses 2 and 3 specifically tell Egypt that on a day of terror, God would act. The announcement of the magnitude of the destruction appears in the verses after verse 3. And finally, the chapter ends (verse 26) with the reason for God's pronouncement of terror on their country.
Verse 26
וַהֲפִצֹותִ֤י אֶת־מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ בַּגֹּויִ֔ם וְזֵרִיתִ֥י אֹותָ֖ם בָּאֲרָצֹ֑ות וְיָדְע֖וּ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה
(Because they have crossed I AM!)
Jeremiah 30.23-34 also contains an oracle against the nations that had treated Judah terribly. God says that he would send a furious storm against them that would cause great pain and suffering. The prophet Amos spokes of a Day of the Lord in Amos 5.18-20. It would be a terrible day of darkness with no light at all and a day in which a great storm would hit the earth (verse 8c) for the people who had paid no attention to having godly ways.
Perhaps the best parallel to all that happens in this set-up to the second set of seven and in the subsequent trumpet announcements is found in Joel 2. At the beginning of the chapter, God announced that a terrible day of anger was coming. Verse 10 stated that the Earth shook and the skies trembled as the Lord began his vengeance the same as was happening in Revelation 8.5. In Joel, there is one final call for repentance at the altar of God before he acts on his anger. Then God foreshadowed his terrible actions with warnings of the Day of the Lord in the sky and on the Earth with fire and smoke. The chapter ended with an invitation to come to the Lord to be rescued from his impending terror.
So, it is no wonder that John used the image of the angel throwing fire down on the Earth to get its inhabitants' attention as to what was going to happen next. The first four trumpet announcements would serve as warning shots over the bow and time to repent if they would be willing. The second three trumpets would be notices that people were too late. God was ready to act on behalf of his people without further warning.
A tasty morsel is found in verse 5 of Revelation 8. The last part of the verse about the thunder, lightning, and earthquake has an interesting combination of words. Literally, the words are καὶ ἐγένοντο βρονταὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ καὶ σεισμός (and there were thunders and voices and lightnings and shaking.) The word φωναὶ had the usual translation of voices, but sometimes it meant sounds or noises. The result is that there are two ways to translate the four words in this substantive list. First, thunders, lightnings, and sounds, are natural phenomena in the sky. Thus sounds might be the sounds of the sky accompanying thunder and lightning, like wind, or blowing rain. Second, thunders, lightnings, and voices represent the result of a mixture of the smoke and coals mixed with prayers when they reach the Earth. The voices of people's prayers caused a strong reaction from God, a day of terror and its attendant signs. God sends a message that a storm is gathering because his people have petitioned him and he is going to act.
Although the first way of translating the word φωναὶ as sounds in the sky has the weight of immediate context going for it, I like the second way of translating the idea because it fits into the larger context better. I have to believe that God reassures his people, that he is always there noticing how things are going. When times are fierce for his people, he sees their tears and hears their voices. He acts with cleansing fury to remind the world that they have crossed I AM. Without that assurance, life gets too tedious. It becomes hard to take another step in faith. Evil is forcefully strong. I, like those readers of Revelation in John's tumultuous times, need to know that an angel is flinging my voice and the voices of many others mixed with the incense from the altar of God down to the Earth, and those around me should hear the voices and feel the rumble under their feet because God is answering his people and forcing an encounter with I AM.
[The Greek text used is the Nestle-Aland 28th edition.]
[Songs used are Touch the Sky by Hillsong United and I am not alone by Kari Jobe.]
[Introductory photograph Be Not Afraid, by Greg Olsen retrieved from
http://render.fineartamerica.com/images/rendered/search/print/images/artworkimages/medium/1/be-not-afraid-greg-olsen.jpg, after Revelation 8.5, Saving Grace by Garrett Walker, retrieved from http://www.fulcrumgallery.com/c7594/christian-art.htm?page=6.]
[The Hebrew text used is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 1967/77.]
[Translations from Greek and Hebrew are my own.]
In order for people to see this awesome and supernatural power of God, though, John takes everyone on a short trek through Old Testament imagery found in Exodus and various prophets. Exodus 30.1-10 was the starting place, the golden altar of God. It was the place for sweet smelling incense and only incense to be burned because it was the place God would meet with Moses. So, as this second set of visions opens, and after the 7 angels that stand before God's throne received trumpets, then God wanted to meet his people at his golden altar.
Revelation 8
Verse 2
Καὶ εἶδον τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλους οἳ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἑστήκασιν, καὶ ἐδόθησαν αὐτοῖς ἑπτὰ σάλπιγγες
(I saw seven angels who had been standing before God and had been given seven trumpets.)
Verse 3
Καὶ ἄλλος ἄγγελος ἦλθεν καὶ ἐστάθη ἐπὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ἔχων λιβανωτὸν χρυσοῦν, καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ θυμιάματα πολλά, ἵνα δώσει ταῖς προσευχαῖς τῶν ἁγίων πάντων ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον τὸ χρυσοῦν τὸ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου
(Another angel carrying an incense holder made of gold came forward and stood by the altar. He was given a lot of incense so that he could offer it on the golden altar in front of the throne along with the prayers of all the ones God had set apart.)
But going to the altar of God to meet with him was not always a pleasant experience as time wore on for the Jews. The farther from Moses a person traveled on the timeline toward Jesus, the worse the experience was at the altar of God. About 500 years after Moses, the entire book of Amos contained oracles of God chastising both his own people and people of other nations for terrible behavior against him. Israel in particular takes the brunt of God's anger. By the time the next-to-last oracle of the book was given, God decided to stand at his altar, his place for meeting people, and tell Amos to smash the temple columns to express how he felt toward Israel.
Amos 9
Verse 1
רָאִ֨יתִי אֶת־אֲדֹנָ֜י נִצָּ֣ב עַֽל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֗חַ וַיֹּאמֶר֩ הַ֨ךְ הַכַּפְתֹּ֜ור וְיִרְעֲשׁ֣וּ הַסִּפִּ֗ים וּבְצַ֨עַם֙ בְּרֹ֣אשׁכֻּלָּ֔ם וְאַחֲרִיתָ֖ם בַּחֶ֣רֶב אֶהֱרֹ֑ג לֹֽא־יָנ֤וּס לָהֶם֙ נָ֔ס וְלֹֽא־יִמָּלֵ֥ט לָהֶ֖ם פָּלִֽיט׃
(I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, saying, "Strike the lintels of the temple columns so that they crumble and fall on the heads, wounding many of them. I will kill the rest of them with the sword. None of them will get away by trying to escape.")
About 50 years after Amos, Isaiah experienced God's glory filling the temple and saw angels around him. Isaiah confessed he was unclean, so one of the angels brought a coal from the altar and touched Isaiah's lips in an atonement ceremony. Then God told Isaiah to tell the people they would see and hear but have no understanding of events that were happening around them, and impending doom was at hand.
Isaiah 6
Verse 11
וָאֹמַ֕ר עַד־מָתַ֖י אֲדֹנָ֑י וַיֹּ֡אמֶר עַ֣ד אֲשֶׁר֩ אִם־שָׁא֨וּ עָרִ֜ים מֵאֵ֣ין יֹושֵׁ֗ב וּבָתִּים֙ מֵאֵ֣ין אָדָ֔םוְהָאֲדָמָ֖ה תִּשָּׁאֶ֥ה שְׁמָמָֽה׃
(Then I said, "Until when Lord?"
And he answered, "Until after the cities and houses people are now living in are empty and sitting in ruins. Until both the people and their land are totally desolate.")
Verse 12
וְרִחַ֥ק יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָאָדָ֑ם וְרַבָּ֥ה הָעֲזוּבָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ׃
(Yahweh will remove many of the people to places far away, forsaking the whole region.)
So, when John says he saw an angel at the altar of God, people knew the message would not be good. Its symbolism matched giving the 7 trumpets to the angels because trumpets had been used for announcing important messages for hundreds of years. The altar of God had also been used to call someone as a messenger to warn pagan nations and God's people alike for ungodly behavior.
Since the main purpose of the altar was to offer incense as atonement for God's people, the angel at the altar did so. He filled his incense holder with incense and offered its sweet fragrance to God as the prayer from his people for deliverance from their evil and as a plea to be rescued from those evils suffered at the hands of the Romans, including the suffering of martyrdom for the sake of Jesus, as was presented in Chapter 6 of Revelation in the fifth seal.
The dots are easy to connect here. God gets the report of the martyrs in Chapter 6. He marks them for life in Heaven in Chapter 7. Then, in Chapter 8, an angel appears at the altar to offer a prayer of atonement and express God's disdain for the ill treatment of his people by the nations they live in, especially Rome. In order to foreshadow what the trumpets would be announcing as they were blown, the angel at the altar does something in addition to offering prayers for atonement.
Revelation 8
Verse 4
καὶ ἀνέβη ὁ καπνὸς τῶν θυμιαμάτων ταῖς προσευχαῖς τῶν ἁγίων ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ ἀγγέλου ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ
(The incense smoke rose to God from the hand of the angel along with the prayers of those God had set apart)
Verse 5
καὶ εἴληφεν ὁ ἄγγελος τὸν λιβανωτὸν καὶ ἐγέμισεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ ἔβαλεν εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐγένοντο βρονταὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ καὶ σεισμός
(Then the angel took the incense holder, filled it with smoke and coals from the altar fire, and threw the mixture on the Earth. Thunder rumbled, lightning flashed, voices echoed, and the ground shook.)
The angel threw a censer-full of incense and prayers on the Earth. The act illustrates John's purpose for writing Revelation. Given the nature of the letters and the first set of 7 objects (seals), it would seem evident that the Christians felt very oppressed. Antipas is specifically mentioned as a martyr in Pergamum (Revelation 2.13), apparently as a result of Jewish persecution. But even if not, the Jews had worked against or at least verbally attacked the Christians in Smyrna and Philadephia (Revelation 2.9, 3.9). The fifth seal reported in Chapter 6 depicts souls under an altar who cried out to God for their suffering. Together, the seals made a plea to God for help and reassurance. The sixth seal portrays a scene that suggests that God is seeing that a Day of Wrath is necessary to cleanse the evil from the Roman empire in Asia Minor, the place where John was living. Then there was reverent silence in Heaven.
Saving Grace
Garrett Walker
John was called to send a message to the world that God would act against those who had devastated his people. They would face a Day of the Lord, a day of reckoning. The angel threw incense and prayers on the Earth. Sky and Earth shook in the aftermath. God was about to vent his anger. He would restore his people, come among them, and give them the assurance they needed that they belonged to him. This idea operated in the background as each trumpet was blown. God had heard the report of the seals. The angel throwing the incense and prayers signaled to all who would hear that God was about to deal with those causing his people great suffering for their belief in him and his son.
The scene seemed familiar to many of John's readers. It reminded them of events they had read about in the Old Testament, beginning with the original announcement of God's covenant to Israel. Moses had gathered Israel together to witness this event at the bottom of a mountain. When he left to meet God, the people saw that he was amidst dark clouds of smoke, lightning, and thunder (Exodus 19.16-19).
John also had in mind showing a number of other occasions where God had made announcements to people. The whole of Ezekiel 30 describes God's actions against Egypt. Verses 2 and 3 specifically tell Egypt that on a day of terror, God would act. The announcement of the magnitude of the destruction appears in the verses after verse 3. And finally, the chapter ends (verse 26) with the reason for God's pronouncement of terror on their country.
Verse 26
וַהֲפִצֹותִ֤י אֶת־מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ בַּגֹּויִ֔ם וְזֵרִיתִ֥י אֹותָ֖ם בָּאֲרָצֹ֑ות וְיָדְע֖וּ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה
(Because they have crossed I AM!)
Jeremiah 30.23-34 also contains an oracle against the nations that had treated Judah terribly. God says that he would send a furious storm against them that would cause great pain and suffering. The prophet Amos spokes of a Day of the Lord in Amos 5.18-20. It would be a terrible day of darkness with no light at all and a day in which a great storm would hit the earth (verse 8c) for the people who had paid no attention to having godly ways.
Perhaps the best parallel to all that happens in this set-up to the second set of seven and in the subsequent trumpet announcements is found in Joel 2. At the beginning of the chapter, God announced that a terrible day of anger was coming. Verse 10 stated that the Earth shook and the skies trembled as the Lord began his vengeance the same as was happening in Revelation 8.5. In Joel, there is one final call for repentance at the altar of God before he acts on his anger. Then God foreshadowed his terrible actions with warnings of the Day of the Lord in the sky and on the Earth with fire and smoke. The chapter ended with an invitation to come to the Lord to be rescued from his impending terror.
So, it is no wonder that John used the image of the angel throwing fire down on the Earth to get its inhabitants' attention as to what was going to happen next. The first four trumpet announcements would serve as warning shots over the bow and time to repent if they would be willing. The second three trumpets would be notices that people were too late. God was ready to act on behalf of his people without further warning.
A tasty morsel is found in verse 5 of Revelation 8. The last part of the verse about the thunder, lightning, and earthquake has an interesting combination of words. Literally, the words are καὶ ἐγένοντο βρονταὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ ἀστραπαὶ καὶ σεισμός (and there were thunders and voices and lightnings and shaking.) The word φωναὶ had the usual translation of voices, but sometimes it meant sounds or noises. The result is that there are two ways to translate the four words in this substantive list. First, thunders, lightnings, and sounds, are natural phenomena in the sky. Thus sounds might be the sounds of the sky accompanying thunder and lightning, like wind, or blowing rain. Second, thunders, lightnings, and voices represent the result of a mixture of the smoke and coals mixed with prayers when they reach the Earth. The voices of people's prayers caused a strong reaction from God, a day of terror and its attendant signs. God sends a message that a storm is gathering because his people have petitioned him and he is going to act.
Although the first way of translating the word φωναὶ as sounds in the sky has the weight of immediate context going for it, I like the second way of translating the idea because it fits into the larger context better. I have to believe that God reassures his people, that he is always there noticing how things are going. When times are fierce for his people, he sees their tears and hears their voices. He acts with cleansing fury to remind the world that they have crossed I AM. Without that assurance, life gets too tedious. It becomes hard to take another step in faith. Evil is forcefully strong. I, like those readers of Revelation in John's tumultuous times, need to know that an angel is flinging my voice and the voices of many others mixed with the incense from the altar of God down to the Earth, and those around me should hear the voices and feel the rumble under their feet because God is answering his people and forcing an encounter with I AM.
[The Greek text used is the Nestle-Aland 28th edition.]
[Songs used are Touch the Sky by Hillsong United and I am not alone by Kari Jobe.]
[Introductory photograph Be Not Afraid, by Greg Olsen retrieved from
http://render.fineartamerica.com/images/rendered/search/print/images/artworkimages/medium/1/be-not-afraid-greg-olsen.jpg, after Revelation 8.5, Saving Grace by Garrett Walker, retrieved from http://www.fulcrumgallery.com/c7594/christian-art.htm?page=6.]
[The Hebrew text used is the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 1967/77.]
[Translations from Greek and Hebrew are my own.]
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